Reject blank positive imagery in training loop

backend/app/services/orthophoto_acquisition_service.py

@@ -117,6 +117,27 @@ class OrthophotoAcquisitionService:
                     valid_from=datetime(2024, 4, 6, tzinfo=UTC),
                     valid_to=datetime(2024, 9, 21, 23, 59, 59, tzinfo=UTC),
                 ),
+                OrthophotoProduct(
+                    key="wallonia_2023",
+                    display_name="Zomerorthofoto Wallonië 2023",
+                    observation_label="27 mei tot 25 juni 2023",
+                    temporal_granularity="period",
+                    native_resolution_m=0.25,
+                    wms_url="https://geoservices.wallonie.be/arcgis/services/IMAGERIE/ORTHO_2023_ETE/MapServer/WMSServer",
+                    layer="0",
+                    catalog_url="https://geoportail.wallonie.be/catalogue/ad55c2ce-62ad-4c3c-b3cf-8fbc270a6b6e.html",
+                    limitation_message="Officiële gebiedsdekkende SPW-zomercampagne 2023; exacte vliegdata zijn beschikbaar in het afzonderlijke maillage- en tuilageproduct.",
+                    provider="spw_orthophoto",
+                    source_label="SPW ORTHO_2023_ETE WMS",
+                    attribution="Bron: Service public de Wallonie (SPW), Orthophotos 2023 Été",
+                    license_note="CC BY 4.0; citeer SPW en vermeld wijzigingen.",
+                    series_namespace="spw",
+                    coverage_zone="wallonia",
+                    supports_detection=True,
+                    observed_at=datetime(2023, 5, 27, tzinfo=UTC),
+                    valid_from=datetime(2023, 5, 27, tzinfo=UTC),
+                    valid_to=datetime(2023, 6, 25, 23, 59, 59, tzinfo=UTC),
+                ),
                 OrthophotoProduct(
                     key="brussels_latest",
                     display_name="Meest recente orthofoto Brussel",

backend/tests/test_belgium_training_loop.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import importlib.util
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+SCRIPT = Path(__file__).parents[2] / "scripts" / "run_belgium_building_training_loop.py"
+SPEC = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("training_loop", SCRIPT)
+assert SPEC and SPEC.loader
+MODULE = importlib.util.module_from_spec(SPEC)
+SPEC.loader.exec_module(MODULE)
+
+
+def test_training_command_is_cuda_deterministic_and_bound_to_frozen_inputs(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    command = MODULE.training_command(
+        "yolo",
+        model=tmp_path / "base.pt",
+        data=tmp_path / "dataset.yaml",
+        project=tmp_path / "runs",
+        name="iteration-001",
+        epochs=160,
+        seed=42,
+        batch=2,
+        workers=4,
+    )
+    assert command[:2] == ["yolo", "train"]
+    assert "device=0" in command
+    assert "deterministic=True" in command
+    assert "seed=42" in command
+    assert "epochs=160" in command
+    assert f"data={tmp_path / 'dataset.yaml'}" in command

backend/tests/test_sprint146_operator_yolo_dataset_quality_audit.py

@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ def test_operator_yolo_dataset_quality_audit_reports_dataset_risks(tmp_path: Pat
                         "label_count": 2,
                         "is_negative": False,
                         "is_repeated_background_negative": False,
+                        "low_visual_variance": True,
                     },
                     {
                         "sample_slug": "postel_bos",
@@ -144,6 +145,7 @@ def test_operator_yolo_dataset_quality_audit_reports_dataset_risks(tmp_path: Pat
     assert report["positive_sample_count"] == 2
     assert report["background_sample_count"] == 1
     assert report["train_negative_tile_count"] == 2
+    assert report["low_variance_positive_tile_count"] == 1
     assert report["repeated_background_negative_tile_count"] == 1
     assert report["label_stats"]["parsed_label_count"] == 3
     assert report["label_stats"]["invalid_label_count"] == 0
@@ -169,6 +171,7 @@ def test_operator_yolo_dataset_quality_audit_reports_dataset_risks(tmp_path: Pat
     assert "repeated_background_negative_share_above_gate" in warning_codes
     assert "median_box_area_below_gate" in warning_codes
     assert "small_box_share_above_gate" in warning_codes
+    assert "positive_tiles_have_low_visual_variance" in warning_codes
 
     markdown = (output_dir / "operator_yolo_dataset_quality_audit.md").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
     assert "Operator YOLO Dataset Quality Audit" in markdown

backend/tests/test_sprint196_map_orthophoto_analysis.py

@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ def test_orthophoto_product_registry_exposes_only_governed_official_layers() ->
     assert {"2025", "2012", "2008_2011", "2000_2003", "1979_1990", "1971"}.issubset(keys)
     assert next(item for item in products if item["key"] == "most_recent")["supports_detection"] is True
     detection_keys = {item["key"] for item in products if item["supports_detection"]}
-    assert {"most_recent", "wallonia_latest", "wallonia_2024", "brussels_latest", "brussels_2025", "2025"} <= detection_keys
+    assert {"most_recent", "wallonia_latest", "wallonia_2024", "wallonia_2023", "brussels_latest", "brussels_2025", "2025"} <= detection_keys
     by_key = {item["key"]: item for item in products}
     assert by_key["wallonia_latest"]["provider"] == "spw_orthophoto"
     assert by_key["wallonia_latest"]["coverage_zone"] == "wallonia"